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.CEN s interest in reaching out toRuskin and other British aesthetes coincided with the end of the war, as can be seen in CENto Dante Gabriel Rossetti, March 21, 1865, Ms.Facs d.273, Bodleian Library, Oxford Uni-versity, Oxford, England.19.ELG and others who were closest to JSM never forgave Carlyle s actions during the1860s, as is clear in ELG,   Carlyle s Political Influence,  in Reflections and Comments, 28794.20.CEN, journal entry, March 23, 1869, CEN to Miss E.C.Cleveland, June 7, 1869, bothin CEN, Letters, 1:322 25, 338 39.21.LS to Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., January 24, 1873, LS to JRL, July 14, 1871, bothin Maitland, Life and Letters, 231, 228.JRL s vague response professed a similar admirationfor Carlyle:   I quite agree with you about Carlyle, and perhaps was harder on him than Imeant, because I was fighting against a secret partiality  (JRL to LS, July 31, 1871, JRL,Letters, 2:74).LS wrote an appreciation of Carlyle for the Cornhill after his death in 1881but subsequently published a more critical piece on   Carlyle s Ethics  in Hours in a Li-brary, 2:286 94.22.TWH,   Carlyle s Laugh,  AtMo, October 1881, 463 66; RWE to CEN, February 23,1870, in CEN, Letters, 1:340 41.TWH suggested a fuller reconciliation than seems possiblein reporting the great interest that Carlyle took in the former slaves and even (improbably)his concession that the ballot had been necessary to secure their freedom.23.GWC,   Easy Chair,  HNMM, April 1881, 787.24.Alexander, MA and JSM; David Hall,   Victorian Connection,  also pair their intel-lectual leadership.25.MA, Culture and Anarchy, 62.See also Rubin, Making of Middlebrow Culture, 2 15.26.Channing, Self-Culture, 17; CEN,   Intellectual Life in America,  New Princeton Re-view 6 (November 1888): 324; TWH, Hints, 26.Raymond Williams, Keywords, 87 93, ex-plores the etymology of   culture,  which he terms   one of the two or three most complicatedwords in the English language. 27.CEN to Jonathan Baxter Harrison, October 2, 1863, CEN Papers; JRL,   ShakespeareOnce More,  in Writings, 3:32.CEN s phrase, predating by a year MA s similar usage inhis essay on   The Function of Criticism at the Present Time  (National Review, November1864, 230 51; reprinted in Culture and Anarchy, 26 52), is significant and revealing of thecommon transatlantic concern with culture in the mid nineteenth century.James Turner,Liberal Education, 257 58, provides an interesting discussion of the differences betweenArnoldian and Nortonian ideas of culture, with the latter taking a more historicist form.NOTES TO PAGES 141 48 29728.MA, Culture and Anarchy, 43; ELG,   Chromo-Civilization,  Nation, September 22,1874, 202.29.ELG,   Chromo-Civilization,  Nation, September 22, 1874, 202.30.JRL,   A Great Public Character,  in Writings, 2:279.Collini, Public Moralists, 34274, offers a suggestive perspective on the development of literary studies in England (a topicthat lies beyond this book s scope).31.Longfellow,   Defense of Poetry,  NAR, January 1832, 56 79; JRL,   Nationality inLiterature,  NAR, July 1849, 196 215.32.JRL,   On a Certain Condescension in Foreigners,  in Writings, 3:251; CEN to MetaGaskell, October 28, 1867, CEN, Letters, 2:297.GWC did not wait until the postwar periodto predict a cultural renaissance, declaring in 1862 that the   great rebellion will produce aliterature  (  A New Literature,  HW, May 10, 1862, 291).33.TWH,   A Plea for Culture,  in Atlantic Essays, 19.34.Brooks, New England, 68 74.35.JRL to RWG, December 15, 1875, in JRL, Letters, 2:152 53; Nation, September 28,1887, 265.The Christian influence remained present in the Century s Social Gospel leanings.For moreonRWGandtheCentury, see Bender, New York Intellect, 208 16; John, Best Years.36.Brodhead,   Literature and Culture,  472 73.See also Henry May, End of AmericanInnocence, part 1; Bender, New York Intellect, chapters 4 5.37.GWC,   Holmes,  in Literary and Social Essays, 234; [CEN],   Mr.Emerson s Poems, Nation, May 30, 1867, 430 31.TWH,   The New World and the New Book,  in New World,8.On Emerson s international appeal, or   nonparochialism,  see Buell, Emerson, 47 58.38.JRL,   Thoreau,  in Writings, 1:366; JRL,   Shakespeare Once More,  in Writings,3:2.See also JRL,   Emerson the Lecturer,  in Writings, 1:349 60.Although unimpressedwith Thoreau personally, JRL recognized his literary originality to some extent.See Duber-man, JRL, 169 72.39.GWC,   Longfellow,  in Literary and Social Essays, 196; [GWC],   The Works of Na-thaniel Hawthorne,  NAR, October 1864, 539 57; JRL to James T.Fields, September 7,1868, in JRL, Letters, 1:405.Here JRL echoed Melville s comparison of Shakespeare andHawthorne in   Hawthorne and His Mosses.  Duberman, JRL, 487 89, helpfully discussesthe Lowell-Hawthorne relationship, while Brodhead, School of Hawthorne, 51 63, providesthe key account of Hawthorne s Gilded Age acclaim.40.Edward Dicey,   Hawthorne,  Macmillan s, July 1864, 241 46; LS,   Hawthorne,  inHours in a Library, 1:160, 166; Henry James, Hawthorne.Morley initially tried to secure JRLto write the biography (John Morley to JRL, November 7, 1877, JRL Papers [C]).41 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]