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.Although the men of the German Colonial Society and Colo-nial Department rebu"ed them, some of their ideas came to fruitionin the Women s League under Hedwig Heyl.204 appendix notesUnless otherwise noted, all translations from the German are the author s.introduction1 John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, with The Subjection of Women and Chapterson Socialism, ed.Stefan Collini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1989), 138.2 Charles Fourier, The Theory of the Four Movements, ed.Gareth Stedman Jonesand Ian Patterson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 130;Friedrich Engels, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, in The Marx-EngelsReader, ed.Robert C.Tucker (New York: W.W.Norton, 1978), 690; andKarl Marx, Early Writings, trans.Rodney Livingstone and Gregor Benton,intro.Lucio Colletti (London: Penguin, 1974), 346 347.3 Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a ModernDebate (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 153, see also 151 155.On imperialist language in feminist writings, see Clare Midgley, Anti-slavery and the Roots of Imperial Feminism, in Gender and Imperialism,ed.Midgley (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 161 179.Ifound analogous material in German feminists writings and presented it inan unpublished paper, Feminism and Empire, at the Program for theStudy of Women and Gender, Rice University, on 24 March 1998.4 Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, Domestic Origins of Germany s Colo-nial Expansion under Bismarck, Past and Present 42 (February 1969): 140159.The locations and timing of annexations depended on more thanmerely domestic factors, however.5 Today, these lands comprise the following states: Namibia (German South-west Africa), the Republic of Cameroon and part of Nigeria (German Cam-eroon), the Republic of Togo and part of Ghana (German Togo), andmainland Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi (German East Africa).GermanNew Guinea is now the northeastern mainland of Papua New Guinea, itsnorthern islands (Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville, and Buka), and theRepublic of the Marshall Islands.6 The leased Chinese region of what Germans called Kiautschou (Kiao-Chow) is today called Jiaozhou.The islands gained in 1888, 1899, and 1900are today, respectively, the Republic of Nauru; the Northern Mariana Is-lands, Palau, and part of the Federated State of Micronesia; and WesternSamoa.7 For population statistics and ranking of empires sizes, see Wolfgang J.Mommsen, Imperialismus: Seine geistigen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen.Ein Quellen- und Arbeitsbuch (Hamburg: Ho"mann undCampe, 1977), 37 38.On the constitutional and administrative organiza-tion of the colonial empire, see Ernst Rudolf Huber, Deutsche Verfassungsge-schichte seit 1789, vol.4 (Stuttgart: W.Kohlhammer, 1969), 604 634.8 In this book, I use colonialist to refer to persons who engaged in politicalactivity in support of empire, either in Germany or in the colonies.Colonistswere an overlapping group of persons who lived in the colonies and may ormay not have been politically active.9 Doris Kaufmann, Frauen zwischen Aufbruch und Reaktion: ProtestantischeFrauenbewegung in der ersten Hälfte des 20.Jahrhunderts (Munich: Piper,1988), 124 189; and Mary Taylor Huber and Nancy C.Lutkehaus, eds.,Gendered Missions: Women and Men in Missionary Discourse and Practice (AnnArbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), and references cited therein.10 On civilized gender relations, especially the cultured marriage (Kul-turehe), see Marianne Weber, Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung(Tübingen: J.C.B.Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1907); Weber, Beruf und Ehe, in Beruf und Ehe: Die Beteiligung der Frau an der Wissenschaft.Zwei Vorträge(Berlin: Schöneberg: Buchverlag der Hilfe, 1906), 3 18; and Hans Sveis-trup and Agnes von Zahn-Harnack, eds., Die Frauenfrage in Deutschland:Strömungen und Gegenströmungen 1790 1930 (Burg b.M.: August Hopfer,1934), 257 317.11 Irene Stoehr, Organisierte Mütterlichkeit, in Frauen suchen ihre Geschichte,ed.Karin Hausen, 2d, rev.ed
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