[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.Salvemini s view was also shared by other members of GL and shapedthe ideas of Emilio Lussu, Andrea Caffi and, not least, its leader CarloRosselli.In their view, the only possible solution to Europe s and Italy spredicament was a combination of federalism and socialism, the formerassuring political freedom, the latter guaranteeing social justice.If this background, with its mix of Risorgimento liberalism and strongsocialist inspiration, was one of the political ingredients of Rossi s ideaof Europe, his concerns with the more economic and institutionalaspects were instead inspired by an equally formative influence: that ofLuigi Einaudi.While teaching economics between 1926 and 1933, Rossicontributed several articles to Critica Sociale, a journal founded and runby Einaudi  at the time a prominent liberal professor of economics(Armani 1982, 151 61; Marcucci 2002, 235 44; Rossi 2001a).A life-long correspondence sprang up between the two, and the relationshipslowly cemented a lasting intellectual and personal bond, which con-tinued throughout the war and until Einaudi s death in 1961 (Einaudiand Rossi 1988).European federalism had been one of Einaudi s mainconcerns right from the beginning of the Great War, when, under thepseudonym of  Junius , he wrote several letters published by the Corrieredella Sera, in which he harshly criticized the project of the League ofNations and advanced the idea of a European federation (Einaudi 1948).Basing his critiques on the theories of Hamilton, Jay and Madison andon the implications of their comparison of confederation and federa-tion, Einaudi clearly foresaw that the League of Nations was doomedto fail.His prediction was based on the assumption that the divisionof Europe in sovereign states was in itself a threat to peace and an148 Matthew D Auriaobstacle to social and economic progress.To avoid the risk of futurewars, a supranational organization was not enough; it was necessary tocreate a Federal Union.Only by this means would it be possible to over-come both protectionism and imperialism, thus ensuring peace andfree trade.Combining the considerations of an economist with thoseof a far-sighted politician, Einaudi s federalism was clearly the coherentcompletion of his own specific liberalism.Although Rossi never fullyshared these views, his understating of federalism was heavily indebtedto the  Junius letters.The socialist elements underpinning the GL ideology and the focuson local autonomy on the one hand, and the economic and institu-tional aspects stressed by Einaudi on the other, were mainstays ofRossi s federalist ideas.Remarkably, these were also the basis of a projectfor European unity drafted in 1937, before meeting Spinelli, and whichin part he used for the famous Manifesto (Braga 2008, 37 72; Levi 1998).Even more significantly, they founded the intellectual basis on whichRossi and Spinelli started their discussion on Europe.The ideasIn the autumn of 1939, from Ventotene, Ernesto Rossi wrote to hisfriend and mentor Einaudi asking him to send anything he could findon European federalism, including, of course, the Junius letters (Einaudiand Rossi 1988, 48).Einaudi gladly complied, and the arguments setforth in the letters, eagerly read by Rossi and Spinelli, soon  startedto fructify in their minds (Spinelli 1999, 307).Other works soon fol-lowed, including Lionel Robbins s Economic Planning and InternationalOrder.5 This work, already admired by Rossi (Rossi 2001b, 705), alsoimpressed Spinelli thanks to the clarity of its arguments.The Juniusletters and Robbins s essay soon became the basis of Rossi and Spinelli sown federalist view; both works  like the Manifesto  saw in the grow-ing economic international interdependence the driving force for over-coming the division of Europe into nation states, and both  again likethe Manifesto  considered the creation of a supranational federationthe only possible route to follow [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]