[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.He is currently conducting a study ofthe performance of immigrant women in the U.S.labor marketand a study of the social benefits from increasing the educationalattainments of Hispanics.In 1991, he founded and now directsthe Rand Institute on Education and Training, which examines allforms of education and training that people may get throughouttheir lives.Ron Wyden (1949 )Sen.Ron Wyden (D. Ore.) took his B.A.degree from StanfordUniversity in 1971 and his J.D.from the University of Oregon in1974.He was cofounder and served as codirector of the OregonGray Panthers from 1974 to 1980 and then served as director ofOregon s Legal Services for the Elderly from 1977 to 1979.He wasalso professor of gerontology at the University of Oregon (1976)128 Biographical Sketchesand at Portland State University of Oregon (1980).He served inthe U.S.House of Representatives from 1980 to 1996, at whichtime he was elected to the U.S.Senate.His Senate committees ofnote are Aging; Budget; Commerce, Science, and Transportation;Energy and Natural Resources; and Environment and PublicWorks.His most notable activity in relation to the immigration is-sue was his cosponsorship, with Sen.Gordon Smith (R. Ore.), ofthe 1998 Guest-Worker Program bill.References and Further ReadingBarone, Michael, Grant Ujifusa, and Eleanor Evans, eds.1972, 1976, 1978,1986, 1990, 1994, 1996, 2000.The Almanac of American Politics.Washington,DC: National Journal.Diller, Daniel C., and Stephen L.Robertson.2001.The Presidents, FirstLadies, and Vice Presidents: White House Biographies, 1789 2001.Washing-ton, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.Graff, Henry A., ed.1997.The Presidents: A Reference History.New York:Charles Scribner s Sons.Hamilton, Neil A.2001.Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary.New York:Facts on File.Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Website.Available:http://www.immigration.gov; accessed February 20, 2003.Jacobson, Doranne.1995.Presidents and First Ladies of the United States.New York: Smithmack.U.S.Department of Justice (DOJ) Website.Available: http://www.us-doj.gov; accessed Febraury 20, 2003.6Key Laws and Court Casesublic policy is usefully understood as an ongoing process,  apurposive course of action followed by an actor or set of ac-Ptors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern (Ander-son 1979, 3).Chapter 5 presented biographical sketches of the ma-jor actors involved in immigration issues in the United Statestoday.This chapter presents summaries of the  actions  keylegislation and judicial decisions that collectively provide the course directing immigration policy and its frequent reform.Itpresents all the major laws and cases pertinent to immigration re-form since 1965.Since most of the laws and decisions range fromdozens to hundreds of pages long, only key points and provisionsare reprinted here.The Immigration and Naturalization Actof 1965 (79 Stat.911)On October 3, 1965, the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965was signed into law.It profoundly amended the immigration provisionsof the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952.The law dramatically influencedthe immigration flow, not only markedly increasing the number of im-migrants entering the United States but also altering the origin of theinflux from northwestern Europe to Latin America and Asia.Of equalsignificance, the new law imposed the first ceiling on immigration fromthe Western Hemisphere, with the preference system extended to thatmigration eleven years later.Keeping with the spirit of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, theKennedy administration s proposal, which became the Immigration and129130 Key Laws and Court CasesNaturalization Act of 1965, reasserted the nation s liberal tradition in im-migration.It set up individual rather than group criteria for granting im-migration visas.The bill was resubmitted by President Johnson in January1965 and was introduced into the House by Representative EmmanuelCeller, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, and into the Senate bySenator Hart and by Senators Edward Kennedy and Robert Kennedy.Itwas cosponsored by thirty-two senators.It sought to balance a number ofgoals: (1) to preserve family unity and reunite separated families; (2) tomeet the need for some highly skilled workers; (3) to ease problems createdby emergencies, such as political upheavals, Communist aggression, andnatural disasters; (4) to assist cross-national exchange programs; (5) to barfrom the United States aliens who were likely to present problems of ad-justment due to their physical or mental health, past criminal history, ordependency or for national security reasons; (6) to standardize admissionprocedures; and (7) to establish immigration limits for the Americas.It re-placed the national-origins quota system with a seven-category system ofpreferences.Thus, the new law not only abolished the national-origins sys-tem but also emphasized other terms than quota and nonquota immi-grants.Prospective immigrants either were nonpreference, met one of thepreferences, or were not subject to new per-country limits because theywere immediate relatives of U.S.citizens or were special immigrants.Thelast group included persons born in the Western Hemisphere, former U.S.citizens seeking to resume their citizenship, ministers, and former (or cur-rent) employees of the U.S.government abroad.Those seeking admissionunder the third or sixth employment preferences would now have to meetmore stringent labor-certification rules [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]