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., 363 64Program, 273, 326 North, S.N.D., 31National Institutes of Health (NIH), 299 Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance300, 341, 363, 366.See also National Company, 70Cancer Institute, National Heart Nurses, public health.See Nurses, visitingInstitute Nurses, visitingNational Organization of Public Health Metropolitan Life Insurance Company,Nursing, 159 145, 156 64National Tuberculosis Association, 113, New York City, 128 36115, 147, 188 origin, 130, 157Neighborhood Health Centers, 136 44 tuberculosis, 113, 130 31experimental, 139 Nutritional Labeling and Education Act,federal government support for, 142 278, 334 36functions, 142 Nutrition and Your Health: Dietarymedical specialization and, 143 44 Guidelines for Americans, 335private agency demonstrations, 141 Nutritionists, 337Nestle, Marion, 337Neuberger, Maurine, 252 Oat bran, 333 34New York City.See also New York City Obesity.See OverweightHealth Department Office of Science and Technology, 282heart disease mortality rates, 198 99 Osler, William, 206, 211 12Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Overweight.See also Buildhousing, 172 74 decline in coronary heart disease and, 352nationality groups, 81 early twentieth century, 214, 315programs for rheumatic heart disease Food and Nutrition Boardpatients, 186 87 recommendations, 324New York City Health Department, 97 145 lack of interest of health organizations,baby health stations, 137 40 341Bureau of Child Hygiene, 132 mortality and morbidity studies, 339Bureaus, 143 44 40diphtheria control programs, 98 101, prevalence, 338103 reversibility of health risks, 340 1464 IndexPacific Mutual Life Insurance Company, etiology, 185152 federal government and, 189Page, Irvine H., 255, 263 Metropolitan Life Insurance CompanyPark, William, 100 1, 125 26, 128 educational programs, 168, 189Parkchester, 173 prevalence, 184 85Pasteur, Louis, 169 prophylaxis, 185, 187, 190Patterson, James T., 252, 256 tonsillectomies for, 187Paul, John, 184, 185, 187, 189 treatment, 185 87, 189 90Pearson, Karl, 221, 226, 227 voluntary health organizations and,Pepper, Claude, 188 188 89Periodic medical examination, 265 66 Richards, Ellen, 169Pickering, George, 262, 276 Risk factorsPirquet, Clemens von, 104 compared to other methods of medicalPlacebo effect, 269 research, 360 62Plunz, Richard, 173 defined, 2 3Poisson, S.D., 52 Framingham Heart Study and, 282 85Polioymyelitis, 224 25 impact on public health and clinicalPolish immigrants, 89 94 medicine, 359 67Presbyterian Hospital (New York), 200, inferential statistics and, 359 62, 366201 67Probability, 9 11, 14 invention of by life insurance industry,Proctor and Gamble, 333 61 74Proctor, Robert N., 253 medical and life insurance conceptsPromoting Health/Preventing Disease: compared, 285Objectives for the Nation, 364 multiple, 284, 340Prudential Assurance Company of physicians and, 365London, 57 public confusion about, 337, 362Prudential Insurance Company, 57, 59, risk analysis and, 361 6260, 150, 151, 154, 162, 166 Riva-Rocci, Scipione, 67psyllium, 333 Rogers, David, 197Public health, 96 97, 362 Rogers, O.H., 70Public relations, 149 Rosen, George, 25Rosenau, Milton, 123Quaker Oats, 333 34 Royal College of Physicians, 247Quebec, Thetford Mines demonstration Royal Society, 13project, 128 29 Rusk, Howard, 247Quetelet, Adolphe, 23, 29 30, 36, 45 49, Russian immigrants.See Jewish51 immigrantsReagan, Ronald, 251, 316, 325, 332 Sabin, Florence, 169Recommended Dietary Intake, 315, 334 Salt35 Framingham Heart Study and, 284Regression toward the mean, 235 37 consumption recommendations, 277Rheumatic heart disease, 183 91 78armed forces and, 190 hypertension and, 274 78characteristics, 183 84 sensitivity, 275diagnosis, 185 86 Salt Institute, 277, 322Index 465Schools Surgeon General s Report on Nutrition andhealth education, 136, 147 48 Health, 326health programs, 135 36 Surgery, heart, 291 92, 293Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Surveys, socialand, 165, 169 attitudinal, 242Sedgwick, William, 169 community, 115 16Seven Countries Study, 306 7 English, 39 40Sheppard-Towner Act, 143Sloan, Alfred P., 155 Terry, Luther, 247Smallpox inoculation, 15 17 Thetford Mines, Quebec, demonstrationSmathers, George, 179 project, 128 29Smith, Adam, 25 Thiazide diuretics, 264 66Smoking and Health, 247 49 Thomas, W.I., 58Snow, John, 40 44 Thompson, W.Gilman, 84, 239Soap, 148 Thrombolytic drugs, 290 91Sphygmomanometer, 67 70, 215 Thrombosis, coronarySpiegelman, Mortimer, 85 atherosclerosis and, 289 90Spodick, David H., 360 61 cause of coronary heart disease, 286 87,Stare, Frederick, 302 290Statin drugs, 298 99, 329 treatment, 290 91Statistical societies, English, 40 Tobacco Industry Research Council, 247, 251Statistics, hospital and asylum, 36 38 Trials, clinicalStatistics, mathematical angioplasty, 292 93defined, 228 blood pressure drugs, 264 70early history, 11 15 characteristics, 231 37inferential, 231 35 coronary artery bypass graft surgery,Statistics, medical and public health 292 93John Snow and, 40 44 diet and coronary heart disease, 309 13nineteenth century, 37 39 Food and Drug Administration and,compared to other methods of research, 233, 360359 61 generalizations from, 233Statistics, social history, 231 33early history, 23 24 methodological limitations, 233 34Quetelet, Adolphe and, 45 49 misreporting, 299, 312 13Statistics, vital, 30 35 statistics, 366 67European, 22 23, 30 31 volunteers, 233 34United States, 31 35 Tuberculosis, 103 18Straus, Nathan, 124 25 control programs in New York City,Streptokinase, 290 108 15Stress diagnosis, 65, 104 5, 111 12coronary heart disease and, 208 differences among nationality groups,hypertension and, 216, 273 105 6Stroke differences among socio-economicarteriosclerosis and, 72 groups, 105, 107characteristics, 195 96 etiology, 223 24Stroud, William, 211, 212 Framingham (MA) Tuberculosis Study,Substandard risks.See Risk factors 115 9466 IndexTuberculosis (continued) Nutrition and Human Needs, 322institutionalization of patients, 110 11 23, 335life insurance companies and, 74 U.S.Surgeon General s reports onmortality rates, 103 8, 199 smoking, 248 50pamphlets, 113, 167 Urinalysis, 62 63working conditions and, 84Typhoid Mary, 110 11 Vail, Theodore, 149, 155Trudeau, Edward, 65, 169 Vegetable oil producers, 331Virchow, Rudolph, 289Urinalysis, 62 63U.S.Children s Bureau, 168, 188, 189 Wald, Lillian, 131, 157U.S.Department of Agriculture, 127, 252, Weisz, George, 18315, 317, 332, 334, 335, 355 Welch, William, 152, 169U.S [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]